By: Norbert Becker, Marija Zgomba, Dusan Petric, Christine Dahl, Clive Boase

Hardcover

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Mosquitoes and their Control presents a multitude of information on bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of both pestiferous (nuisance) and disease vectors in an easily readable style providing practical guidance and important information to both professional and layman alike.
Ninety-two species and subspecies belonging to 8 genera and 18 subgenera are described in the fully illustrated identification keys to adult females and males and fourth-instar larvae. The illustrated keys are followed by a detailed description of the morphology, biology and distribution of each species including over 700 detailed drawings.
Mosquitoes and their Control includes:
-systematics and biology;
-medical significance;
-research techniques;
-fully illustrated identification keys for larval and adult mosquito genera;
-morphology, ecology and distribution of the 92 species identified in the keys;
-biological, chemical and physical control.
Mosquitoes and their Control is a valuable tool for vector ecologists, entomologists, and all those involved with mosquito control, biology, ecology and systematics worldwide. It will especially benefit the students, scientists and professionals dealing on a day-to-day basis with mosquitoes and their control. Society as a whole, stands to gain from improved, environmentally responsible mosquito management programmes designed on the basis of the broader understanding of mosquitoes and their control provided in this enlightening book.

Introduction	p. 1
General Aspects
Systematics	p. 5
Biology of Mosquitoes	p. 9
Oviposition	p. 9
Embryonic development	p. 13
Hatching	p. 14
Larvae	p. 18
Pupae	p. 21
Adults	p. 21
Emergence	p. 21
Mating	p. 22
Dispersal and host-seeking behaviour	p. 23
Feeding	p. 25
Hibernation	p. 26
Egg stage	p. 27
Larval stage	p. 27
Adult stage	p. 27
Medical Importance of Mosquitoes	p. 29
Malaria	p. 29
Virosis	p. 34
Togaviridae (Alphavirus)	p. 36
The Sindbis virus complex	p. 36
Viruses of the Semliki forest complex	p. 36
Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)	p. 36
Bunyaviridae (Bunyavirus)	p. 37
Filariasis	p. 38
Conclusions	p. 39
Mosquito Research	p. 41
Sampling of mosquito eggs	p. 41
Anopheles eggs	p. 41
Egg rafts	p. 41
Aedes/Ochlerotatus eggs	p. 42
Eggs in artificial ovipositon sites	p. 43
Sampling of mosquito larvae	p. 44
Sampling of adult mosquitoes	p. 45
Bait catches	p. 45
Carbon dioxide/light trap	p. 46
The mosquito magnet	p. 48
Preserving mosquitoes	p. 48
Larvae	p. 48
Pupae	p. 49
Adults	p. 49
Rearing mosquitoes	p. 51
Methods for measuring the physiological stage	p. 52
Morphological studies	p. 53
Cytodiagnostic methods for the identification of sibling species	p. 53
Biochemical and molecular methods in studies on systematics	p. 54
Ecological and behavioural studies	p. 55
Morphology of Mosquitoes	p. 57
Adults	p. 57
Head	p. 59
Thorax	p. 61
Abdomen	p. 68
Larvae	p. 72
Head	p. 74
Thorax	p. 76
Abdomen	p. 76
Pupae	p. 81
The Identification Keys
Key to Female Mosquitoes	p. 87
Genera	p. 87
Genus Anopheles	p. 88
Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus	p. 92
Genus Culex	p. 103
Genus Culiseta	p. 105
Genus Coquillettidia	p. 108
Key to Male Mosquitoes	p. 109
Genera	p. 109
Genus Anopheles	p. 111
Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus	p. 114
Genus Culex	p. 125
Genus Culiseta	p. 129
Genus Coquillettidia	p. 131
Key to Mosquito Fourth-Instar Larvae	p. 133
Genera	p. 133
Genus Anopheles	p. 135
Genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus	p. 139
Genus Culex	p. 152
Genus Culiseta	p. 157
Genus Coquillettidia	p. 160
Morphology, Ecology and Distribution of European Species
Subfamily Anophelinae	p. 163
Genus Anopheles Meigen	p. 164
Subgenus Anopheles Meigen	p. 165
Anopheles (Anopheles) algeriensis Theobald 1903	p. 165
Anopheles Claviger Complex	p. 167
Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger s.s. (Meigen) 1804	p. 167
Anopheles (Anopheles) petragnani Del Vecchio 1939	p. 169
Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus (Pallas) 1771	p. 170
Anopheles Maculipennis Complex	p. 172
Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus Van Thiel 1927	p. 175
Anopheles (Anopheles) beklemishevi Stegnii and Kabanova 1976	p. 176
Anopheles (Anopheles) labranchiae Falleroni 1926	p. 176
Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis s.s. Meigen 1818	p. 177
Anopheles (Anopheles) melanoon Hackett 1934	p. 177
Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae Falleroni 1926	p. 178
Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi Favre 1903	p. 178
Anopheles (Anopheles) subalpinus Hackett and Lewis 1935	p. 179
Anopheles (Anopheles) marteri Senevet and Prunnelle 1927	p. 180
Anopheles (Anopheles) plumbeus Stephens 1828	p. 182
Subgenus Cellia Theobald	p. 184
Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus Theobald 1901	p. 184
Anopheles (Cellia) cinereus hispaniola (Theobald) 1903	p. 185
Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor Cambouliu 1902	p. 186
Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii (Theobald) 1907	p. 188
Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus Grassi 1899	p. 190
Subfamily Culicinae	p. 193
Genus Aedes Meigen	p. 193
Subgenus Aedes Meigen	p. 194
Aedes (Aedes) cinereus Meigen 1818	p. 195
Aedes (Aedes) geminus Peus 1970	p. 198
Aedes (Aedes) rossicus Dolbeskin, Gorickaja and Mitrofanova 1930	p. 199
Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald	p. 201
Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen) 1830	p. 201
Subgenus Fredwardsius Reinert	p. 204
Aedes (Fredwardsius) vittatus (Bigot) 1861	p. 204
Subgenus Stegomyia Theobald	p. 206
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) 1762	p. 207
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) 1895	p. 210
Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus Edwards 1921	p. 212
Genus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga	p. 214
Subgenus Finlaya Theobald	p. 214
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) echinus Edwards 1920	p. 214
Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) geniculatus (Olivier) 1791	p. 216
Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga	p. 217
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) annulipes (Meigen) 1830	p. 219
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) behningi (Martini) 1926	p. 221
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) berlandi (Seguy) 1921	p. 223
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen) 1818	p. 225
Ochlerotatus Caspius Complex	p. 227
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas) 1771	p. 227
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cataphylla (Dyar) 1916	p. 230
Ochlerotatus Communis Complex	p. 231
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) communis (De Geer) 1776	p. 232
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) cyprius (Ludlow) 1920	p. 233
Ochlerotatus Detritus Complex	p. 235
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) detritus (Haliday) 1833	p. 235
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) diantaeus (Howard, Dyar and Knab) 1913	p. 237
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis (Meigen) 1830	p. 239
Ochlerotatus Excrucians Complex	p. 241
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) euedes (Howard, Dyar and Knab) 1913	p. 241
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) excrucians (Walker) 1856	p. 243
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) surcoufi (Theobald) 1912	p. 244
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) flavescens (Muller) 1764	p. 245
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) hexodontus (Dyar) 1916	p. 247
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) hungaricus (Mihalyi) 1955	p. 249
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) impiger (Walker) 1848	p. 250
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) intrudens (Dyar) 1919	p. 252
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) leucomelas (Meigen) 1804	p. 253
Ochlerotatus Mariae Complex	p. 255
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) mariae (Sergent and Sergent) 1903	p. 255
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) zammitii (Theobald) 1903	p. 257
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) mercurator (Dyar) 1920	p. 257
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) nigrinus (Eckstein) 1918	p. 259
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) nigripes (Zetterstedt) 1838	p. 260
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pionips (Dyar) 1919	p. 262
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pulcritarsis (Rondani) 1872	p. 264
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) pullatus (Coquillett) 1904	p. 265
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) punctodes (Dyar) 1922	p. 267
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby) 1837	p. 268
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) riparius (Dyar and Knab) 1907	p. 270
Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) sticticus (Meigen) 1838	p. 272
Subgenus Rusticoidus Shevchenko and Prudkina	p. 274
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) lepidonotus (Edwards) 1920	p. 274
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) quasirusticus (Torres Canamares) 1951	p. 276
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) refiki (Medschid) 1928	p. 277
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) rusticus (Rossi) 1790	p. 279
Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) subdiversus (Martini) 1926	p. 281
Genus Culex Linnaeus	p. 283
Subgenus Barraudius Edwards	p. 284
Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi 1889	p. 284
Culex (Barraudius) pusillus Macquart 1850	p. 286
Subgenus Culex Linnaeus	p. 288
Culex (Culex) brumpti Galliard 1931	p. 289
Culex (Culex) laticinctus Edwards 1913	p. 290
Culex (Culex) mimeticus Noe 1899	p. 292
Culex (Culex) perexiguus Theobald 1903	p. 294
Culex Pipiens Complex	p. 295
Culex (Culex) pipiens pipiens Linnaeus 1758	p. 296
Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus Forskal 1775	p. 298
Culex (Culex) torrentium Martini 1925	p. 299
Culex (Culex) theileri Theobald 1903	p. 300
Subgenus Maillotia Theobald	p. 302
Culex (Maillotia) hortensis Ficalbi 1889	p. 303
Subgenus Neoculex Dyar	p. 305
Culex (Neoculex) impudicus Ficalbi 1890	p. 305
Culex (Neoculex) martinii Medschid 1930	p. 307
Culex (Neoculex) territans Walker 1856	p. 308
Genus Culiseta Felt	p. 310
Subgenus Allotheobaldia Broelemann	p. 311
Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata (Macquart) 1838	p. 311
Subgenus Culicella Felt	p. 313
Culiseta (Culicella) fumipennis (Stephens) 1825	p. 313
Culiseta (Culicella) litorea (Shute) 1928	p. 315
Culiseta (Culicella) morsitans (Theobald) 1901	p. 317
Culiseta (Culicella) ochroptera (Peus) 1935	p. 319
Subgenus Culiseta Felt	p. 321
Culiseta (Culiseta) alaskaensis (Ludlow) 1906	p. 322
Culiseta (Culiseta) annulata (Schrank) 1776	p. 324
Culiseta (Culiseta) bergrothi (Edwards) 1921	p. 326
Culiseta (Culiseta) glaphyroptera (Schiner) 1864	p. 328
Culiseta (Culiseta) subochrea (Edwards) 1921	p. 330
Genus Coquillettidia Dyar	p. 332
Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar	p. 333
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) buxtoni (Edwards) 1923	p. 333
Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi) 1889	p. 333
Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald	p. 336
Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Rondani) 1872	p. 336
Genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga	p. 338
Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald	p. 339
Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards 1913	p. 339
Control of Mosquitoes
Biological Control	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
Predators	p. 346
Vertebrate predators	p. 346
Fish (Osteichthyes)	p. 346
Amphibians (Amphibia)	p. 350
Birds (Aves)	p. 350
Bats (Mammalia)	p. 351
Invertebrate predators	p. 353
Hydras (Coelenterata)	p. 353
Flatworms (Turbellaria)	p. 354
Freshwater snails (Gastropoda)	p. 354
Leeches (Hirudinea)	p. 354
Spiders and mites (Arachnida)	p. 355
Crustaceans (Crustacea)	p. 355
Insects (Insecta)	p. 355
Parasites	p. 359
Nematodes	p. 359
Pathogens	p. 360
Fungi	p. 360
Protozoa	p. 362
Bacteria	p. 363
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis	p. 364
Bacillus sphaericus	p. 365
Viruses	p. 374
Chemical Control	p. 377
History	p. 377
Insecticides	p. 379
Classification of insecticides	p. 380
Insecticide formulations	p. 380
Insecticide application techniques	p. 384
Different chemical groups of insecticides	p. 386
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	p. 386
Organophosphates	p. 387
Carbamates	p. 393
Pyrethroids	p. 394
Insect growth regulators	p. 398
Novel insecticide classes	p. 402
Management and monitoring of insecticide resistance	p. 403
Resistance mechanisms	p. 403
Resistance surveillance	p. 404
Resistance management	p. 404
Physical Control	p. 407
Sanitation	p. 407
Water management	p. 408
Modification of the water-air interface	p. 408
Oil	p. 408
Surface films	p. 408
Liparol	p. 409
Monomolecular surface films (MSF)	p. 409
Polystyrene beads	p. 410
Reduction of human-mosquito contact	p. 410
Personal Protection	p. 411
Impregnated bed nets	p. 411
Repellents against mosquitoes	p. 412
Repellents on skin or clothing	p. 412
Mosquito coils	p. 414
Vapourising mats	p. 414
Liquid vapouriser	p. 415
Integrated Pest Management	p. 417
Mosquito management research	p. 417
Socio-economic aspects of mosquito control	p. 418
Action thresholds as a component of integrated mosquito management	p. 419
Information dissemination	p. 420
IPM techniques	p. 421
Insecticide registration and usage	p. 421
Implementation and Integration of Mosquito Control Measures into Routine Treatments	p. 425
Prerequisites for the successful implementation of the programme	p. 427
Entomological studies	p. 427
Mapping of the breeding sites	p. 428
Selection of appropriate tools	p. 429
Effective dosage assessment	p. 429
Design of the control strategy	p. 430
Training of field staff	p. 431
Governmental application requirements	p. 431
Public information systems	p. 431
Community participation	p. 431
Routine treatments	p. 432
Mosquito control in Croatia	p. 432
Mosquito control in Czech and Slovak Republics	p. 433
Mosquito control in France	p. 434
Mosquito control in Germany	p. 434
Mosquito control in Greece	p. 438
Mosquito control in Hungary	p. 439
Mosquito control in Italy	p. 440
Mosquito control in Poland	p. 442
Mosquito control in Spain	p. 443
Mosquito control in Sweden	p. 445
Mosquito control in Switzerland	p. 446
Mosquito control in Yugoslavia	p. 449
References	p. 453
Subject Index	p. 487
Taxonomic Index	p. 493
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 9780306473609
ISBN-10: 0306473607
Audience: Professional
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 518
Published: 31st October 2003
Dimensions (cm): 27.2 x 23.7  x 3.8
Weight (kg): 1.715