Introduction to Software Testing

Extensively class tested, this text takes an innovative approach to explaining the process of software testing: it defines testing as the process of applying a few well-defined, general-purpose test criteria to a structure or model of the software. The structure of the text directly reflects the pedagogical approach and incorporates the latest innovations in testing, including techniques to test modern types of software such as OO, web applications, and embedded software.

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Activities of a Test Engineer	p. 4
Testing Levels Based on Software Activity	p. 5
Beizer's Testing Levels Based on Test Process Maturity	p. 8
Automation of Test Activities	p. 10
Software Testing Limitations and Terminology	p. 11
Coverage Criteria for Testing	p. 16
Infeasibility and Subsumption	p. 20
Characteristics of a Good Coverage Criterion	p. 20
Older Software Testing Terminology	p. 21
Bibliographic Notes	p. 22
Coverage Criteria	p. 25
Graph Coverage	p. 27
Overview	p. 27
Graph Coverage Criteria	p. 32
Structural Coverage Criteria	p. 33
Data Flow Criteria	p. 44
Subsumption Relationships among Graph Coverage Criteria	p. 50
Graph Coverage for Source Code	p. 52
Structural Graph Coverage for Source Code	p. 52
Data Flow Graph Coverage for Source Code	p. 54
Graph Coverage for Design Elements	p. 65
Structural Graph Coverage for Design Elements	p. 65
Data Flow Graph Coverage for Design Elements	p. 67
Graph Coverage for Specifications	p. 75
Testing Sequencing Constraints	p. 75
Testing State Behavior of Software	p. 77
Graph Coverage for Use Cases	p. 87
Use Case Scenarios	p. 90
Representing Graphs Algebraically	p. 91
Reducing Graphs to Path Expressions	p. 94
Applications of Path Expressions	p. 96
Deriving Test Inputs	p. 96
Counting Paths in a Flow Graph and Determining Max Path Length	p. 97
Minimum Number of Paths to Reach All Edges	p. 98
Complementary Operations Analysis	p. 98
Bibliographic Notes	p. 100
Logic Coverage	p. 104
Overview: Logic Predicates and Clauses	p. 104
Logic Expression Coverage Criteria	p. 106
Active Clause Coverage	p. 107
Inactive Clause Coverage	p. 111
Infeasibility and Subsumption	p. 112
Making a Clause Determine a Predicate	p. 113
Finding Satisfying Values	p. 115
Structural Logic Coverage of Programs	p. 120
Predicate Transformation Issues	p. 127
Specification-Based Logic Coverage	p. 131
Logic Coverage of Finite State Machines	p. 134
Disjunctive Normal Form Criteria	p. 138
Bibliographic Notes	p. 147
Input Space Partitioning	p. 150
Input Domain Modeling	p. 152
Interface-Based Input domain Modeling	p. 153
Functionality-Based Input Domain Modeling	p. 154
Identifying Characteristics	p. 154
Choosing Blocks and Values	p. 156
Using More than One Input Domain Model	p. 158
Checking the Input Domain Model	p. 158
Combination Strategies Criteria	p. 160
Constraints among Partitions	p. 165
Bibliographic Notes	p. 166
Syntax-Based Testing	p. 170
Syntax-Based Coverage Criteria	p. 170
BNF Coverage Criteria	p. 170
Mutation Testing	p. 173
Program-Based Grammars	p. 176
BNF Grammars for Languages	p. 176
Program-Based Mutation	p. 176
Integration and Object-Oriented Testing	p. 191
BNF Integration Testing	p. 192
Integration Mutation	p. 192
Specification-Based Grammars	p. 197
BNF Grammars	p. 198
Specification-Based Mutation	p. 198
Input Space Grammars	p. 201
BNF Grammars	p. 201
Mutation for Input Grammars	p. 204
Bibliographic Notes	p. 210
Applying Criteria in Practice	p. 213
Practical Considerations	p. 215
Regression Testing	p. 215
Integration and Testing	p. 217
Stubs and Drivers	p. 218
Class Integration Test Order	p. 218
Test Process	p. 219
Requirements Analysis and Specification	p. 220
System and Software Design	p. 221
Intermediate Design	p. 222
Detailed Design	p. 223
Implementation	p. 223
Integration	p. 224
System Deployment	p. 224
Operation and Maintenance	p. 224
Summary	p. 225
Test Plans	p. 225
Identifying Correct Outputs	p. 230
Direct Verification of Outputs	p. 230
Redundant Computations	p. 231
Consistency Checks	p. 231
Data Redundancy	p. 232
Bibliographic Notes	p. 233
Engineering Criteria for Technologies	p. 235
Testing Object-Oriented Software	p. 236
Unique Issues with Testing OO Software	p. 237
Types of Object-Oriented Faults	p. 237
Testing Web Applications and Web Services	p. 256
Testing Static Hyper Text Web Sites	p. 257
Testing Dynamic Web Applications	p. 257
Testing Web Services	p. 260
Testing Graphical User Interfaces	p. 260
Testing GUIs	p. 261
Real-Time Software and Embedded Software	p. 262
Bibliographic Notes	p. 265
Building Testing Tools	p. 268
Instrumentation for Graph and Logical Expression Criteria	p. 268
Node and Edge Coverage	p. 268
Data Flow Coverage	p. 271
Logic Coverage	p. 272
Building Mutation Testing Tools	p. 272
The Interpretation Approach	p. 274
The Separate Compilation Approach	p. 274
The Schema-Based Approach	p. 275
Using Java Reflection	p. 276
Implementing a Modern Mutation System	p. 277
Bibliographic Notes	p. 277
Challenges in Testing Software	p. 280
Testing for Emergent Properties: Safety and Security	p. 280
Classes of Test Cases for Emergent Properties	p. 283
Software Testability	p. 284
Testability for Common Technologies	p. 285
Test Criteria and the Future of Software Testing	p. 286
Going Forward with Testing Research	p. 288
Bibliographic Notes	p. 290
List of Criteria	p. 293
Bibliography	p. 295
Index	p. 319
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Introduction to Software Testing

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