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This book explores the broad issues and essential topics involved in international agricultural trade: agricultural policy, foreign direct investment, technical barriers, macroeconomics, the environment, preferential trade agreements. It presents this fundamental material as part of a complete treatment that offers students an understanding of how the current trade regime works, and which parties benefit and lose as the regime changes. Chapter topics include gains from trade, policies of importing and exporting companies, multilateral trade negotiations, European agriculture, and international marketing. For individuals with a background in intermediate microeconomics, ready for an extensive graphical analysis of trade issues.
| Preface | p. xiii |
| An Introduction to Agricultural Trade | p. 1 |
| Overview of U.S. Agricultural Exports and Imports | p. 3 |
| Overview of World Agricultural Trade | p. 4 |
| Commodity Highlights | p. 8 |
| U.S. Agricultural Trade by Country and Commodity | p. 9 |
| Important Issues in Agricultural Trade | p. 12 |
| Summary | p. 14 |
| Questions | p. 15 |
| References | p. 15 |
| Gains from Trade | p. 16 |
| Simple Comparative Advantage | p. 16 |
| Gains from Trade, Two Goods | p. 19 |
| Partial Equilibrium, One Good | p. 24 |
| Introducing the World Market and Large Countries | p. 30 |
| Introducing Transport Costs | p. 34 |
| Summary | p. 35 |
| Questions | p. 36 |
| Trade Policies of Importing Countries | p. 37 |
| Major Types of Import Barriers | p. 37 |
| Reasons for Trade Barriers | p. 38 |
| Effects of Specific Import Policies | p. 39 |
| Import Tariff | p. 39 |
| Import Quota | p. 42 |
| World Price Stability under Tariffs and Quotas | p. 45 |
| The Large Country Case and Optimal Tariff | p. 46 |
| Fixed Internal Prices by Importing Countries | p. 48 |
| Tariff-Rate Quotas | p. 49 |
| State Trading | p. 50 |
| Summary | p. 50 |
| Questions | p. 51 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Trade Policies of Exporting Countries | p. 53 |
| Export Subsidy | p. 53 |
| Export Tax | p. 56 |
| Price Discrimination | p. 58 |
| Other Import Policies That Affect Exports | p. 62 |
| Price Supports | p. 62 |
| Deficiency Payment System | p. 63 |
| Marketing Boards | p. 64 |
| Summary | p. 65 |
| Questions | p. 66 |
| References | p. 66 |
| Technical Barriers to Trade | p. 67 |
| General Issues | p. 67 |
| Uruguay Round | p. 69 |
| Examples of Disputes over SPS Measures | p. 71 |
| Mexican Avocados | p. 71 |
| Nursery Imports | p. 72 |
| Beef Treated with Growth Hormones | p. 73 |
| Future Challenges for the WTO | p. 74 |
| Measuring Trade Barriers | p. 76 |
| Nominal Rate of Protection | p. 76 |
| Effective Rate of Protection | p. 77 |
| Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents | p. 78 |
| Summary | p. 82 |
| Questions | p. 82 |
| References | p. 83 |
| Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The GATT and WTO | p. 84 |
| GATT History and Guidelines | p. 84 |
| Uruguay Round--Timetable of Negotiations | p. 87 |
| Uruguay Round--Terms of Agreement | p. 88 |
| Uruguay Round--Estimated Effects of the Agreement | p. 90 |
| The World Trade Organization and the Future of Trade Negotiations | p. 92 |
| Two Other Important International Agencies | p. 94 |
| International Monetary Fund | p. 94 |
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) | p. 95 |
| Summary | p. 95 |
| Questions | p. 95 |
| References | p. 96 |
| Preferential Trade Agreements | p. 97 |
| Introduction to PTAs | p. 97 |
| Welfare Aspects of PTAs | p. 98 |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | p. 104 |
| Basic Elements of the Agreement | p. 106 |
| Mexico's Peso Crisis | p. 108 |
| NAFTA Effects | p. 109 |
| European Union | p. 110 |
| Summary | p. 113 |
| Questions | p. 113 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Macroeconomics and Its Influence on International Trade | p. 115 |
| Effects of an Exchange Rate Change | p. 115 |
| Determinants of Exchange Rates | p. 121 |
| Floating Exchange Rate System | p. 123 |
| Linkages between Interest Rates and Exchange Rates | p. 125 |
| Purchasing Power Parity and Overvalued Exchange Rates | p. 128 |
| Macroeconomic Factors and the U.S. Agriculture | p. 129 |
| Summary | p. 130 |
| Questions | p. 131 |
| Trade and the Environment | p. 132 |
| Defining the Conflict between Trade and the Environment | p. 134 |
| Examples of Conflicts That Clarity the Debate | p. 137 |
| GATT in Relation to the Environment | p. 139 |
| Economic Principles in the Trade and Environment Debate | p. 142 |
| Economics of a Production Externality | p. 144 |
| Economics of International Standards | p. 147 |
| Effects of Differing Standards | p. 150 |
| Environmental Consequences of Trade Liberalization in Agriculture | p. 151 |
| Environmental Aspects of the NAFTA | p. 153 |
| Unitlateralism versus Multilateralism | p. 154 |
| Principles to Resolve the Conflict | p. 156 |
| Summary | p. 157 |
| Questions | p. 158 |
| References | p. 158 |
| European Agriculture | p. 160 |
| Background on the European Union | p. 160 |
| Overview of E.U. Agriculture | p. 162 |
| E.U. Agricultural Statistics | p. 163 |
| The Common Agricultural Policy, CAP Reform, and the GATT | p. 167 |
| Summary | p. 170 |
| Questions | p. 171 |
| References | p. 171 |
| Foreign Direct Investment and Processed Food Trade | p. 172 |
| Foreign Direct Investment Concepts | p. 173 |
| Locational Advantages | p. 173 |
| Ownership Advantages | p. 174 |
| Internalization | p. 175 |
| Costs and Benefits of FDI | p. 177 |
| Foreign Direct Investment in Food Industries | p. 178 |
| Summary | p. 183 |
| Questions | p. 184 |
| References | p. 184 |
| Competitiveness in the Global Food Economy | p. 186 |
| The Roots of Competitiveness | p. 187 |
| Porter's Four Diamonds | p. 189 |
| Factor Conditions | p. 190 |
| Demand Conditions | p. 191 |
| Related and Supporting Industries | p. 193 |
| Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry | p. 194 |
| The Dynamics of Competitive Advantage and Government's Role | p. 197 |
| Competitiveness Analysis in Food and Agriculture | p. 198 |
| Summary | p. 203 |
| Questions | p. 204 |
| References | p. 204 |
| International Marketing: Analyzing Opportunities | p. 206 |
| Market Assessments | p. 207 |
| In-Depth Analyses | p. 208 |
| Economic Analysis | p. 208 |
| Legal and Regulatory Analysis | p. 210 |
| Political Analysis | p. 212 |
| Cultural Analysis | p. 213 |
| Financial Analysis | p. 214 |
| Risk Analysis | p. 214 |
| Sources of Information and Programs to Assist Exporters | p. 215 |
| Summary | p. 216 |
| Questions | p. 216 |
| Web Sites for More Information | p. 217 |
| References | p. 217 |
| International Marketing: Developing an International Strategy | p. 218 |
| Distribution System | p. 218 |
| Entry Strategies | p. 219 |
| Product Pricing | p. 221 |
| Finding Buyers, Agents, and Distributors | p. 222 |
| Promotion Strategies | p. 223 |
| Global Control and Decision Making | p. 224 |
| Export Marketing Plan--The Culmination of the Process | p. 225 |
| Summary | p. 226 |
| Questions | p. 226 |
| References | p. 227 |
| Index | p. 229 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780130842091
ISBN-10: 0130842095
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 256
Published: 11th May 2000
Dimensions (cm): 24.2 x 18.2
x 1.6
Weight (kg): 0.386
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