By: Breda Griffith, Raj Nallari, Shahid Yusuf

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Since the 1990s, new economic geography has received a lot of attention as mainstream economists such as Krugman and others began to focus on where economic activity occurs and why. Coincidentally, international trade, location theory, and urban economics all appear to be asking the same question: where is economic activity located and why? The challenge is to explain the economic concentration or agglomeration of a large number of activities in certain geographical space. This volume breaks down the various types of cities and evaluates the key factors used to look at cities, such as innovation, green growth, spatial concentration, and smart cities in order to understand how cities work. Why is it that certain cities attract talent? How do some cities become business hubs? Why is it that few cities become increasingly competitive while others remain stagnant?As development specialists are increasingly focusing on how to make cities competitive, this book can serve as a guide for providing key insights, backed by cases on how cities can possibly become more competitive and productive.

Preface	p. xi
About the Authors	p. xiii
Abbreviations	p. xv
Frameworks for Spatial Analysis	p. 1
The Form of Urbanization	p. 2
Agglomeration Economies	p. 8
Conclusion	p. 11
Notes	p. 12
References	p. 12
Urbanization as a Typology of Space	p. 15
Urbanization and Space	p. 16
Classification of Cities	p. 18
Size of Cities across Developing and Developed Regions	p. 20
Criticism of the Data and Suggested Alternatives	p. 23
Conclusion	p. 26
Notes	p. 27
References	p. 28
Urban Transition and Growth	p. 29
Urbanization and Development	p. 30
Urbanization in Developing Countries	p. 38
Key Features of Cities in Developing Countries	p. 43
Conclusion	p. 46
Notes	p. 47
References	p. 48
Spatial Concentration and Specialization	p. 51
Specialization of Cities	p. 52
Knowledge Cities	p. 54
The Creative City	p. 65
The Global City	p. 73
Green Cities/Eco Cities	p. 76
Conclusion	p. 81
Notes	p. 82
References	p. 83
The Attributes and Role of "Smart Cities"	p. 89
Growth and Technology-Intensive Subsectors	p. 91
What Makes Cities Smart	p. 99
Toward an Urban Innovation Strategy	p. 108
Policy Measures That Facilitate Technological Upgrading and Innovation	p. 112
Identifying and Promoting Smart Cities	p. 117
Annex: Technology Capability and Innovation Criteria	p. 118
Notes	p. 120
References	p. 122
Globalization, Urban Regions, and Cluster Development	p. 127
A Holistic Approach to Development	p. 128
The Role of Clusters	p. 128
Policies to Support Clusters	p. 130
Sustaining Clusters	p. 130
Conclusion	p. 132
Notes	p. 134
References	p. 134
Urban Development and Growth	p. 137
Urbanization: From Canter to Gallop	p. 139
The Metropolitan Powerhouse	p. 143
Metropolitan Challenges	p. 146
Wealth of Cities and National Policies	p. 147
Notes	p. 149
References	p. 153
Elements for Future Success of Metropolitan Regions	p. 157
The Industrial Matrix	p. 159
Connectivity	p. 163
The Smarter Metropolis	p. 167
Governing the Metropolitan Center	p. 169
The Resilience Imperative	p. 170
Metropolitan Futures	p. 174
Annex: City Rankings	p. 176
Notes	p. 178
References	p. 181
Box
Indexes Used in the Global City Indicators Program	p. 76
Figures
Primacy and Economic Development, 1965-95	p. 4
Concentration of Economic Activity in the United States	p. 6
Total Population, by City Size, 1995, 2009, and 2025	p. 19
Distribution of the World Urban Population, by Region, 1950, 2009, and 2050	p. 22
Key Indicators of the Agglomeration Index	p. 25
Agglomeration Index and UN Estimates of Urban Population, by Region, 2000	p. 25
Sensitivity to Indicators Used: Example of Minimum Population Size of Large Cities	p. 27
Relationship between GDP and Spatial Concentration	p. 32
Density and GDP per Capita in Selected Countries, by Phase of Urbanization	p. 34
Rural-Urban Disparities in GDP per Capita	p. 35
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 9780821394861
ISBN-10: 082139486X
Series: Directions in Development
Audience: Professional
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 202
Published: 10th May 2012
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Dimensions (cm): 22.9 x 15.2  x 1.0
Weight (kg): 0.278