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It is commonly believed that foreign language skills improve through social interaction with speakers of the language. However, there is little research addressing the issue of access to such interaction. This book explores this issue, examining longitudinal case studies of interaction between language learners and speakers of the target language within their informal social networks. It looks at the complex social and personal factors that influence language choice. Kurata reveals that even for motivated learners opportunities to use the target language are limited, and suggests factors that promote language use and opportunities for learning.She proposes ways around obstacles to opportunities for second language use and second language learning and sets out important implications for language learning in and outside classrooms.
| Acknowledgements | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Social Contexts of Language Use and Learning | p. 5 |
| Informal Social Networks as Contexts for L2 Use and Learning | p. 6 |
| Research Questions | p. 7 |
| L2 Learners in English-dominant Settings: Learners of Japanese in Australia | p. 8 |
| Language Learning as Social Practice | p. 10 |
| Sociocultural theory | p. 11 |
| Post-structural perspectives | p. 16 |
| Language Selection Theories | p. 19 |
| Research into Social Influence on Language Selection | p. 21 |
| Social factors influencing language choice in classroom settings | p. 22 |
| L1/L2 use in learning settings outside the classroom | p. 23 |
| Research into Social Factors Affecting Opportunities for L2 Learning | p. 25 |
| Socioculturally oriented research on L2 learning in natural settings | p. 26 |
| Social networks and their relevance to L2 learning | p. 29 |
| The Participants | p. 34 |
| Methodology | p. 35 |
| Data Collection | p. 36 |
| Interaction interviews | p. 36 |
| Interaction data for a micro-discourse analysis | p. 38 |
| Diary entries | p. 39 |
| Stimulated recall interviews | p. 40 |
| Transcription | p. 42 |
| Transcription of oral interaction data | p. 42 |
| Transcription of interviews | p. 43 |
| Analysis | p. 44 |
| Summary | p. 45 |
| Learners' Bilingual Social Networks | p. 47 |
| The Participants' General Backgrounds | p. 47 |
| Cindy | p. 50 |
| Linguistic background | p. 50 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 52 |
| Grace | p. 54 |
| Linguistic background | p. 54 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 56 |
| Patty | p. 58 |
| Linguistic background | p. 58 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 60 |
| Jim | p. 62 |
| Linguistic background | p. 62 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 63 |
| Simon | p. 66 |
| Linguistic background | p. 66 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 67 |
| Max | p. 69 |
| Linguistic background | p. 69 |
| Bilingual networks and language use patterns within them | p. 70 |
| Summary and Discussion | p. 73 |
| Changes in L1/L2 Use | p. 75 |
| Grace | p. 76 |
| Self-image as an L2 user or learner formed during the learner's in-country experience | p. 76 |
| Language negotiation with a Japanese network member in Australia | p. 79 |
| Language negotiation with a Japanese network member in Japan | p. 83 |
| Jim | p. 87 |
| An NS's corrective behaviour and impoverishment of opportunities to use L2 | p. 88 |
| Awareness about the learner's self-image as an L2 user and co-construction of opportunities to use L2 | p. 91 |
| Simon | p. 97 |
| Transition of language use patterns | p. 98 |
| Negotiating goals of interactions | p. 99 |
| Summary | p. 102 |
| Language Selection and Its Negotiation | p. 103 |
| Situations of Conversations | p. 104 |
| Max's chat with Riku and Yuki | p. 104 |
| Simon's private lessons with Eri | p. 105 |
| Cindy's private lessons with Mie | p. 105 |
| Patty's language exchange with Nami | p. 106 |
| Overall Language Use | p. 106 |
| Language use patterns | p. 107 |
| Learners' use of Japanese | p. 108 |
| Micro-discourse Analysis of L1/L2 Use | p. 111 |
| Max's conversations | p. 111 |
| Two activities: socialization and language learning | p. 118 |
| Contradictions between goals | p. 119 |
| Languages as mediational artifacts | p. 120 |
| Social roles and rules/norms within the community | p. 122 |
| Opportunities for L2 use in learning activities | p. 123 |
| Summary and Discussion | p. 134 |
| Opportunities for L2 Learning | p. 137 |
| Learner-NS Conversation in an Informal Setting | p. 137 |
| Interactional resources available for the learner | p. 139 |
| The NS's corrective feedback and its uptake by the learner | p. 140 |
| The learner's discourse strategies | p. 142 |
| Learner-NS Conversations in Semi-instructional Contexts | p. 143 |
| Major types of assistance provided by NSs | p. 144 |
| The learner's active orientation to learning items | p. 145 |
| Learner-NS Informal Written Discourse Online | p. 147 |
| The NS's assistance in the learner's ZPD | p. 147 |
| The learner's interactional resources | p. 150 |
| The NS's corrective feedback and the learner's orientation to it | p. 151 |
| Learner-Learner Informal Written Discourse Online | p. 153 |
| Mutual assistance in lexical knowledge | p. 154 |
| Assisted performance in the ZPD and interpersonal space | p. 156 |
| Major Factors Contributing to Learning Opportunities in the Four Different Settings | p. 156 |
| Social roles | p. 157 |
| History as an L2 user or learner | p. 159 |
| Norms in communities | p. 161 |
| Summary | p. 163 |
| Access to L2 Social Interaction: Implications for Language Teaching and Learning | p. 165 |
| The Dynamic and Complex Nature of Language Selection | p. 165 |
| Social Relationships in L2 Use and Learning Situations | p. 167 |
| Overcoming the Obstacles to Opportunities for L2 Use and Learning | p. 168 |
| Directions for Future Research | p. 171 |
| Questionnaire for the First Year Students | p. 175 |
| Interaction Interviews | p. 177 |
| Diary About Exposure to Japanese Outside Classrooms | p. 179 |
| References | p. 181 |
| Index | p. 193 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780826424303
ISBN-10: 0826424309
Audience:
Tertiary; University or College
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 208
Published: 2nd December 2010
Dimensions (cm): 23.4 x 15.6
x 1.2
Weight (kg): 0.47
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