Database

Principles, Programming, and Performance, Second Edition

By: Patrick O'Neil, Elizabeth O'Neil

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Hardcover | 12 May 2000 | Edition Number 2

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This second edition relies on the same successful approach that distinguished the first: it covers the principles of database theory with unmatched thoroughness, and it rigorously links theory to the real world of database programming and administration. A careful discussion of SQL standards and a multitude of examples drawn from actual databases-Oracle, DB2, and Informix-complements the authors' concept-oriented instruction, allowing you to develop product-specific understanding and to learn the important differences between the SQL dialects that will enable you to write portable applications.

* Focuses extensively on the object-relational model that is rapidly gaining acceptance and revolutionizing the database industry. Collection types and UDF's are thoroughly covered.
* Introduces new relational features of SQL taken from the latest versions of today's most popular database products, Oracle, DB2, and Informix.
* Offers thorough coverage of the SQL-99 standard, including additions designed to help you take full advantage of the object-relational model.
* Provides expanded programming examples intended to improve your understanding of transaction processing and error handling.
* Explains clearly the principles of logical database design, including those relating to the E-R model and normalization, with a number of new illustrations and examples.
* Presents the latest indexing and query processing techniques, such as bitmap indexing, and shows how to use them to achieve significant performance improvements.

Industry Reviews

"The chapter on object-relational database should be a great selling point for the book. No one else has the coverage on object relational that this chapter has; for example, the other new texts emphasize the purely object model. I think that the approach here is much more practical." - Betty Salzberg, Northeastern University "The coverage of this book is wonderful, especially the cutting-edge of object-relational systems ... [and] this is the only text I have seen that is not by Jeffrey Ullman that treats the theoretical material appropriately. The chapter on dependencies and relational design is excellent. Examples abound, the explanations are crisp and clear, and the appropriate concepts are discussed. I cannot wait to use it." - Bill Grosky, Wayne State University "This book makes an excellent text for anyone just approaching database systems. It's both an accessible refresher for those of us who have not been paying careful attention to developments in this area and a useful reference for designers and implementers who need just-in-time education." - Jim Gray, Microsoft Research "This book is excellent!" - Mike Hartstein, Oracle Corporation, Senior Director of Oracle8i Product Management

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Databases Database Software Computer Programming & Software Development Database Programming Data Capture & Analysis Computer Hardware Maintenance & Repairs

Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Fundamental Database Concepts	p. 1
History of Database Systems	p. 2
The Relational and Object-Relational Models	p. 2
The Database Systems Covered	p. 3
A Relational Database Example	p. 3
An Object-Relational Database Example	p. 5
Database Users	p. 6
Overview of Relational and Object-Relational DBMS	p. 8
The Relational Model	p. 8
Basic SQL Query Language	p. 9
The Object-Relational Model	p. 11
Programs to Access a Database	p. 12
Database Design	p. 14
Integrity, Views, Security, and Catalogs	p. 16
Indexing	p. 19
Query Processing	p. 20
Update Transactions	p. 21
Parallel and Distributed Databases	p. 22
Putting It All Together	p. 23
The Relational Model	p. 25
The CAP Database	p. 26
Naming the Parts of a Database	p. 29
Domains and Datatypes	p. 30
Tables and Relations	p. 30
Relational Rules	p. 32
Keys, Superkeys, and Null Values	p. 36
Null Values	p. 40
Relational Algebra	p. 41
Fundamental Operations of Relational Algebra	p. 41
Set-Theoretic Operations	p. 42
The Union, Intersection, and Difference Operations	p. 42
Assignment and Alias	p. 44
The Product Operation	p. 46
Native Relational Operations	p. 47
The Projection Operation	p. 48
The Selection Operation	p. 49
Precedence of Relational Operations	p. 52
The Join Operation	p. 53
The Division Operation	p. 57
The Interdependence of Operations	p. 61
Illustrative Examples	p. 63
Other Relational Operations	p. 67
Outer Join	p. 68
Theta Join	p. 71
Basic SQL Query Language	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
SQL Capabilities	p. 80
SQL History--Standards and Dialects	p. 81
Setting Up the Database	p. 84
Standard Typographical Conventions	p. 85
A Practical Exercise	p. 86
Simple Select Statements	p. 87
Subqueries	p. 96
The IN Predicate	p. 96
The Quantified Comparison Predicate	p. 101
The EXISTS Predicate	p. 102
A Weakness of SQL: Too Many Equivalent Forms	p. 106
UNION Operators and FOR ALL Conditions	p. 107
The UNION Operator	p. 107
Division: SQL "FOR ALL ..." Conditions	p. 108
Some Advanced SQL Syntax	p. 114
The INTERSECT and EXCEPT Operators in Advanced SQL	p. 114
Join Forms in Advanced SQL	p. 117
OUTER JOIN	p. 120
Join Forms Implemented in Database Systems	p. 122
Set Functions in SQL	p. 123
Handling Null Values	p. 127
Groups of Rows in SQL	p. 129
A Complete Description of SQL Select	p. 134
Identifiers	p. 136
Expressions, Predicates, and the search_condition	p. 137
Scalar Subqueries as Expressions: Advanced SQL	p. 141
Basic SQL versus Advanced SQL: Summary	p. 142
A Discussion of the Predicates	p. 142
Insert, Update, and Delete Statements	p. 148
The Insert Statement	p. 148
The Update Statement	p. 149
The Delete Statement	p. 150
The Power of the Select Statement	p. 151
The Non-Procedural Select Statement	p. 152
Turing Power	p. 154
Limited Power of the Basic SQL Select Statement	p. 155
Object-Relational SQL	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
ORSQL Capabilities	p. 174
Form of Presentation for This Chapter	p. 175
Object-Relational History	p. 176
Objects and Tables	p. 177
Object Types in ORACLE	p. 177
Definition of the REF Object Reference	p. 185
INFORMIX Row Types for Objects	p. 191
Absence of REFs in INFORMIX	p. 196
Type Inheritance in INFORMIX	p. 196
Objects and Tables: Summary	p. 197
Object Orientation	p. 198
Collection Types	p. 199
Collection Types in ORACLE	p. 200
Table Types and Nested Tables	p. 200
Two Techniques for Retrieving from a Table of Tables	p. 205
Unnesting via Table Products	p. 206
Nested Cursors	p. 206
Array Types for VARRAYs	p. 210
SQL Syntax for Collections in ORACLE	p. 212
Inserts and Updates in ORACLE	p. 213
Collection Types in INFORMIX	p. 215
Sets in INFORMIX	p. 215
Lists in INFORMIX	p. 218
SQL Syntax for Collections in INFORMIX	p. 220
Inserts and Updates in INFORMIX	p. 221
Collection Types: Summary	p. 222
Procedural SQL, User-Defined Functions (UDFs), and Methods	p. 223
ORACLE PL/SQL Procedures, UDFs, and Methods	p. 224
PL/SQL: ORACLE's Procedural SQL Language	p. 224
Using PL/SQL to Implement Methods in ORACLE	p. 229
Update Methods	p. 237
INFORMIX User-Defined Functions	p. 239
SPL: INFORMIX's Procedural SQL Language	p. 239
Using SPL to Implement UDFs in INFORMIX	p. 244
Update Functions	p. 247
User-Defined Functions: Summary	p. 248
External Functions and Packaged User-Defined Types (UDTs)	p. 249
Binary Data and BLOBs	p. 250
External Functions	p. 251
Encapsulation	p. 251
Distinct Types	p. 251
BLOB Objects	p. 251
Packaged UDTs and Other Encapsulated UDTs	p. 252
Summary	p. 253
Programs to Access a Database	p. 259
Introduction to Embedded SQL in C	p. 262
A Simple Program Using Embedded SQL	p. 262
Selecting Multiple Rows with a Cursor	p. 270
Condition Handling	p. 272
Whenever Statement: Scope and Flow of Control	p. 274
Explicit Error Checking	p. 276
Handling Errors: Getting Error Messages from the Database	p. 277
Indicator Variables	p. 278
Some Common Embedded SQL Statements	p. 281
The Select Statement	p. 281
The Declare Cursor Statement	p. 282
The Delete Statement	p. 283
The Update Statement	p. 285
The Insert Statement	p. 286
Cursor Open, Fetch, and Close	p. 286
Other Embedded SQL Operations	p. 287
Programming for Transactions	p. 287
The Concept of a Transaction	p. 288
How Transactions Are Specified in Programs	p. 290
A Transaction Example	p. 292
The Transaction Isolation Guarantee and Locking	p. 294
Special Considerations in Transactions	p. 296
The Power of Procedural SQL Programs	p. 303
Customized Set Functions	p. 303
Dynamic SQL	p. 305
Execute Immediate	p. 305
Prepare, Execute, and Using	p. 309
Dynamic Select: The Describe Statement and the SQLDA	p. 310
Some Advanced Programming Concepts	p. 317
Scrollable Cursors	p. 317
Cursor Sensitivity	p. 319
Other Development Environments for Database Programming	p. 320
Database Design	p. 329
Introduction to E-R Concepts	p. 331
Entities, Attributes, and Simple E-R Diagrams	p. 331
Transforming Entities and Attributes to Relations	p. 334
Relationships among Entities	p. 335
Further Details of E-R Modeling	p. 339
Cardinality of Entity Participation in a Relationship	p. 339
One-to-One, Many-to-Many, and Many-to-One Relationships	p. 342
Transforming Binary Relationships to Relations	p. 343
Additional E-R Concepts	p. 346
Cardinality of Attributes	p. 346
Weak Entities	p. 347
Generalization Hierarchies	p. 348
Case Study	p. 349
Normalization: Preliminaries	p. 353
A Running Example: Employee Information	p. 354
Anomalies of a Bad Database Design	p. 356
Functional Dependencies	p. 358
Logical Implications among Functional Dependencies	p. 361
Armstrong's Axioms	p. 362
Closure, Cover, and Minimal Cover	p. 366
Lossless Decompositions	p. 374
Normal Forms	p. 380
A Succession of Decompositions to Eliminate Anomalies	p. 381
Normal Forms: BCNF, 3NF, and 2NF	p. 387
An Algorithm to Achieve Well-Behaved 3NF Decomposition	p. 393
A Review of Normalization	p. 394
Additional Design Considerations	p. 396
Database Design Tools	p. 397
Integrity, Views, Security, and Catalogs	p. 409
Integrity Constraints	p. 410
Integrity Constraints in the Create Table Statement	p. 411
Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and Referential Integrity	p. 417
Foreign Key Constraints: Product Variations	p. 421
The Alter Table Statement	p. 422
Non-Procedural and Procedural Integrity Constraints: Triggers	p. 424
Creating Views	p. 433
Updatable and Read-Only Views	p. 438
The Value of Views	p. 440
Security: The Grant Statement in SQL	p. 442
Variations in Database Products	p. 445
System Catalogs and Schemas	p. 445
Schemas	p. 447
Catalog Variations in Database Products	p. 447
The INFORMIX System Catalog	p. 451
Catalog Tables for Object-Relational Constructs: ORACLE and INFORMIX	p. 452
Indexing	p. 465
The Concept of Indexing	p. 465
Disk Storage	p. 470
Disk Access Is Excruciatingly Slow	p. 470
The DBA and Disk Resource Allocation in ORACLE	p. 474
Data Storage Pages and Row Pointers: ORACLE and DB2 UDB	p. 479
The B-Tree Index	p. 484
Dynamic Changes in the B-Tree	p. 490
Properties of the B-Tree	p. 493
Index Node Layout and Free Space	p. 494
The Create Index Statement in ORACLE and DB2 UDB	p. 496
Duplicate Key Values in an Index	p. 497
The ORACLE Bitmap Index	p. 500
Clustered and Non-Clustered Indexes	p. 502
Clustering Indexes in DB2 UDB	p. 506
ORACLE Special Indexing Features	p. 507
A Hash Primary Index	p. 511
Tuning HASHKEYS and SIZE in a Hash Cluster	p. 514
No Incremental Changes in the Number of Slots Used	p. 517
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hash Primary Index	p. 518
Throwing Darts at Random Slots	p. 520
Unlimited Slot Occupancy: How Many Slots Are Occupied?	p. 520
Slot Occupancy of One: Number of Retries (Rehash Chain)	p. 522
When Do Hash Pages Fill Up	p. 525
Query Processing	p. 533
Introductory Concepts	p. 535
Query Resource Utilization	p. 535
Gathering Statistics	p. 537
Retrieving the Query Plan	p. 538
Tablespace Scans and I/O	p. 540
Assumptions about I/O	p. 541
Simple Indexed Access in DB2	p. 546
Equal Unique Match Index Access	p. 549
Index-Only Retrieval	p. 554
Filter Factors and Statistics	p. 556
DB2 Statistics	p. 557
Filter Factors in DB2	p. 559
Matching Index Scans, Composite Indexes	p. 560
Definition of a Matching Index Scan	p. 563
Predicate Screening and Screening Predicates	p. 564
Indexable Predicates and Performance	p. 568
Multiple Index Access	p. 570
List Prefetch and the RID Pool	p. 574
Point of Diminishing Returns in Multiple Index Access	p. 578
Methods for Joining Tables	p. 579
Nested-Loop Join	p. 580
Merge Join	p. 583
Hybrid Join	p. 587
Multiple Table Joins	p. 588
Transforming Nested Queries to Joins	p. 589
Disk Sorts	p. 591
The N-Way Merge Disk Sort Algorithm	p. 592
Query Performance Benchmarks: A Case Study	p. 597
The BENCH Table	p. 599
Load Measurements	p. 601
Query Performance Measurements	p. 602
Query Q1	p. 603
Query Q2A	p. 604
Query Q2B	p. 607
Query Q3A	p. 608
Query Q3B	p. 609
Queries Q4A and Q4B	p. 610
Query Q5	p. 613
Query Q6A	p. 615
Query Q6B	p. 616
Cost-Performance Assessment	p. 617
Elapsed Time versus CPU Time Rating	p. 618
Customizing the Rating	p. 619
Variations in Indexing Use between DB2 and ORACLE	p. 620
Update Transactions	p. 633
Transactional Histories	p. 638
Fundamental Atomic Read and Write Actions in the Database	p. 638
Predicate Read Actions	p. 639
Transactional Histories with Reads and Writes	p. 639
Interleaved Read-Write Operations	p. 643
Serializability and the Precedence Graph	p. 648
The Precedence Graph	p. 653
Locking to Ensure Serializability	p. 655
The Waits-For Graph	p. 658
Levels of Isolation	p. 660
The Read Uncommitted Isolation Level	p. 662
The Read Committed Isolation Level and Cursor Stability	p. 663
Repeatable Read Isolation Level	p. 666
Serializability and Phantom Updates	p. 666
Transactional Recovery	p. 669
Recovery in Detail: Log Formats	p. 671
Guarantees That Needed Log Entries Are on Disk	p. 675
Checkpoints	p. 677
The Commit-Consistent Checkpoint	p. 678
Motivation for Other Kinds of Checkpoints	p. 679
The Cache-Consistent Checkpoint	p. 680
The Fuzzy Checkpoint	p. 682
Media Recovery	p. 683
Stable Storage	p. 684
Performance: The TPC-A Benchmark	p. 684
The TPC-A Benchmark Specification	p. 685
Lessons from the TPC-A Benchmark	p. 689
Parallel and Distributed Databases	p. 699
Some Multi-CPU Architectures	p. 700
Client-Server Architectures	p. 703
The Curve of CPU Cost versus Power	p. 704
Shared-Nothing Database Architecture	p. 706
Two-Phase Commit	p. 707
Further Problems with Shared-Nothing Architecture	p. 713
Query Parallelism	p. 715
Intra-Query Parallelism	p. 715
Introductory Tutorial	p. 721
Setting Up the CAP Database in ORACLE	p. 721
Creating the CAP Database	p. 721
Using the SQL*Loader	p. 722
Using SQL*Plus	p. 725
Setting Up the CAP Database in INFORMIX	p. 728
Creating the CAP Database (in UNIX)	p. 728
Using DB-Access (UNIX Systems)	p. 732
Datatypes	p. 733
Programming Details	p. 735
The prompt() Function	p. 735
Use of Numeric Constants in Code Examples	p. 736
The print_dberror() Function	p. 737
Building Embedded C Programs	p. 737
Precompilation and Compilation Procedure Using ORACLE/UNIX	p. 737
Precompilation and Compilation Procedure Using DB2 UDB/UNIX	p. 740
SQL Statement Syntax	p. 743
Alter Table Statement	p. 745
Close Cursor Statement	p. 746
Commit Work Statement	p. 746
Connect Statement	p. 747
Create Function Statement (UDF)	p. 748
Create Index Statement	p. 749
Create Row Type Statement (O-R)	p. 751
Create Schema Statement	p. 751
Create Table Statement	p. 752
Create Tablespace Statement in ORACLE and DB2 UDB	p. 755
Create Trigger Statement	p. 756
Create Type Statement (O-R)	p. 757
Create View Statement	p. 758
Declare Cursor Statement	p. 759
Delete Statement	p. 760
Describe Statement	p. 761
Disconnect Statement	p. 761
Drop Function Statement	p. 762
Drop Index Statement	p. 762
Drop Trigger Statement	p. 763
Drop (Row) Type Statement (O-R)	p. 763
Drop {Schema Table View} Statement	p. 764
Execute Statement	p. 764
Execute Immediate Statement	p. 765
Fetch Statement	p. 765
Grant Statement	p. 766
Insert Statement	p. 767
Open Cursor Statement	p. 768
Prepare Statement	p. 768
Revoke Statement	p. 768
Rollback Statement	p. 769
Select Statement	p. 769
Update Statement	p. 773
Set Query Counts	p. 775
Solutions to Selected Exercises	p. 779
Index	p. 823
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Database

Principles, Programming, and Performance, Second Edition

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

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You Can Find This Book In

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