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Branching Programs and Binary Decision Diagrams

Theory and Applications

By: Ingo Wegener, Peter Hammer (Editor)

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Finite functions (in particular, Boolean functions) play a fundamental role in computer science and discrete mathematics. This book describes representations of Boolean functions that have small size for many important functions and which allow efficient work with the represented functions. The representation size of important and selected functions is estimated, upper and lower bound techniques are studied, efficient algorithms for operations on these representations are presented, and the limits of those techniques are considered. This book is the first comprehensive description of theory and applications. Research areas like complexity theory, efficient algorithms, data structures, and discrete mathematics will benefit from the theory described in this book. The results described within have applications in verification, computer-aided design, model checking, and discrete mathematics. This is the only book to investigate the representation size of Boolean functions and efficient algorithms on these representations.

Prefacep. ix
Introductionp. 1
Branching Programs (BPs) and Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs)p. 1
Motivations from Theoryp. 5
Motivations from Applicationsp. 6
On the Inherent Complexity of Some Problemsp. 11
Surveyp. 14
Exercisesp. 17
BPs and Decision Trees (DTs)p. 19
BPs, Circuits, Formulas, and Spacep. 19
Lower Bound Techniques for BPsp. 26
Upper Bound Techniques for BPsp. 30
Algorithms on BPsp. 35
DTsp. 37
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 43
Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs)p. 45
OBDDsp. 45
OBDDs and Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs)p. 49
Efficient Algorithms on OBDDsp. 51
Breadth-First Manipulation of OBDDsp. 57
Parallel Computers and OBDDsp. 60
Incompletely Specified Boolean Functionsp. 61
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 66
The OBDD Size of Selected Functionsp. 69
OBDDs and Communication Complexityp. 69
Read-Once Projectionsp. 71
Storage Accessp. 74
Additionp. 75
Multiplicationp. 77
Squaring and Divisionp. 80
Symmetric Functionsp. 81
General Threshold Functionsp. 82
Functions with Short Disjunctive Normal Forms (DNFs)p. 84
The Hidden Weighted Bit Functionp. 84
Read-Once Formulasp. 87
Selected Functions on Matricesp. 88
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 90
The Variable-Ordering Problemp. 93
The Variable-Ordering Problemp. 93
Random Functionsp. 94
Nice, Ugly, and Ambiguous Functionsp. 96
The Complexity of the Variable-Ordering Problemp. 99
The Computation of Optimal Variable Orderingsp. 100
Heuristics for the Computation of Good Variable Orderingsp. 105
Changing the Variable Orderingp. 107
Reordering Techniquesp. 116
Transformations of Boolean Functionsp. 121
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 125
Free BDDs (FBDDs) and Read-Once BPsp. 129
Definition and Upper Bound Techniquesp. 129
Lower Bound Techniquesp. 133
Algorithms on FBDDsp. 143
Algorithms on G-FBDDsp. 146
Search Problemsp. 155
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 158
BDDs with Repeated Testsp. 161
The Landscape between OBDDs and BPsp. 161
Upper Bound Techniquesp. 163
Efficient Algorithms and NP-Hardness Resultsp. 168
Lower Bound Techniques for (1, +k)-BPsp. 174
Lower Bound Techniques for Oblivious BDDsp. 177
Lower Bound Techniques for k-BPsp. 188
Lower Bounds for Depth-Restricted BPsp. 192
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 193
Decision Diagrams (DDs) Based on Other Decomposition Rulesp. 195
Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams (ZBDDs)p. 195
Ordered Functional Decision Diagrams (OFDDs)p. 202
Ordered Kronecker Functional Decision Diagrams (OKFDDs)p. 211
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 212
Integer-Valued DDsp. 215
Multivalued Decision Diagrams (MDDs)p. 215
Multiterminal BDDs (MTBDDs)p. 216
Binary Moment Diagrams (BMDs)p. 220
Hybrid Decision Diagrams (HDDs)p. 225
Edge-Valued Binary Decision Diagrams (EVBDDs)p. 225
Edge-Valued Binary Moment Diagrams (*BMDs)p. 230
Exercisesp. 235
Nondeterministic DDsp. 237
Different Modes and Models of Nondeterminismp. 237
Upper Bound Techniquesp. 241
Lower Bound Techniquesp. 245
Partitioned OBDDsp. 251
Algorithms for EXOR-OBDDsp. 261
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 268
Randomized BDDs and Algorithmsp. 271
Randomized Equivalence Testsp. 271
Randomized BDD Variantsp. 274
Probability Amplificationp. 276
Throw the Coins Firstp. 280
Upper Bound Resultsp. 281
Efficient Algorithms and Hardness Resultsp. 287
Lower Bounds for Randomized OBDDs and k-OBDDsp. 289
Lower Bounds for Randomized FBDDs and k-BPsp. 293
Exercises and Open Problemsp. 299
Summary of the Theoretical Resultsp. 303
Algorithmic Propertiesp. 303
Bounds for Selected Functionsp. 305
Complexity Landscapesp. 309
Applications in Verification and Model Checkingp. 313
Verification of Combinational Circuitsp. 313
Verification of Sequential Circuitsp. 321
Symbolic Model Checkingp. 326
Further CAD Applicationsp. 331
Two-Level Logic Minimizationp. 331
Multilevel Logic Synthesisp. 339
Functional Simulationp. 343
Test Generationp. 345
Timing Analysisp. 346
Technology Mappingp. 349
Synchronizing Sequencesp. 352
Boolean Unificationp. 353
Applications in Optimization, Counting, and Genetic Programmingp. 357
Integer Programmingp. 357
Network Flowp. 361
Counting Problemsp. 366
Genetic Programmingp. 370
Bibliographyp. 379
Indexp. 403
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 9780898714586
ISBN-10: 0898714583
Series: Monographs on Discrete Mathematics & Applications S.
Audience: Professional
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 418
Published: 1st July 2000
Dimensions (cm): 22.8 x 15.2  x 2.7
Weight (kg): 0.749