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Finite functions (in particular, Boolean functions) play a fundamental role in computer science and discrete mathematics. This book describes representations of Boolean functions that have small size for many important functions and which allow efficient work with the represented functions. The representation size of important and selected functions is estimated, upper and lower bound techniques are studied, efficient algorithms for operations on these representations are presented, and the limits of those techniques are considered. This book is the first comprehensive description of theory and applications. Research areas like complexity theory, efficient algorithms, data structures, and discrete mathematics will benefit from the theory described in this book. The results described within have applications in verification, computer-aided design, model checking, and discrete mathematics. This is the only book to investigate the representation size of Boolean functions and efficient algorithms on these representations.
| Preface | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Branching Programs (BPs) and Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) | p. 1 |
| Motivations from Theory | p. 5 |
| Motivations from Applications | p. 6 |
| On the Inherent Complexity of Some Problems | p. 11 |
| Survey | p. 14 |
| Exercises | p. 17 |
| BPs and Decision Trees (DTs) | p. 19 |
| BPs, Circuits, Formulas, and Space | p. 19 |
| Lower Bound Techniques for BPs | p. 26 |
| Upper Bound Techniques for BPs | p. 30 |
| Algorithms on BPs | p. 35 |
| DTs | p. 37 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 43 |
| Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) | p. 45 |
| OBDDs | p. 45 |
| OBDDs and Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs) | p. 49 |
| Efficient Algorithms on OBDDs | p. 51 |
| Breadth-First Manipulation of OBDDs | p. 57 |
| Parallel Computers and OBDDs | p. 60 |
| Incompletely Specified Boolean Functions | p. 61 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 66 |
| The OBDD Size of Selected Functions | p. 69 |
| OBDDs and Communication Complexity | p. 69 |
| Read-Once Projections | p. 71 |
| Storage Access | p. 74 |
| Addition | p. 75 |
| Multiplication | p. 77 |
| Squaring and Division | p. 80 |
| Symmetric Functions | p. 81 |
| General Threshold Functions | p. 82 |
| Functions with Short Disjunctive Normal Forms (DNFs) | p. 84 |
| The Hidden Weighted Bit Function | p. 84 |
| Read-Once Formulas | p. 87 |
| Selected Functions on Matrices | p. 88 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 90 |
| The Variable-Ordering Problem | p. 93 |
| The Variable-Ordering Problem | p. 93 |
| Random Functions | p. 94 |
| Nice, Ugly, and Ambiguous Functions | p. 96 |
| The Complexity of the Variable-Ordering Problem | p. 99 |
| The Computation of Optimal Variable Orderings | p. 100 |
| Heuristics for the Computation of Good Variable Orderings | p. 105 |
| Changing the Variable Ordering | p. 107 |
| Reordering Techniques | p. 116 |
| Transformations of Boolean Functions | p. 121 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 125 |
| Free BDDs (FBDDs) and Read-Once BPs | p. 129 |
| Definition and Upper Bound Techniques | p. 129 |
| Lower Bound Techniques | p. 133 |
| Algorithms on FBDDs | p. 143 |
| Algorithms on G-FBDDs | p. 146 |
| Search Problems | p. 155 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 158 |
| BDDs with Repeated Tests | p. 161 |
| The Landscape between OBDDs and BPs | p. 161 |
| Upper Bound Techniques | p. 163 |
| Efficient Algorithms and NP-Hardness Results | p. 168 |
| Lower Bound Techniques for (1, +k)-BPs | p. 174 |
| Lower Bound Techniques for Oblivious BDDs | p. 177 |
| Lower Bound Techniques for k-BPs | p. 188 |
| Lower Bounds for Depth-Restricted BPs | p. 192 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 193 |
| Decision Diagrams (DDs) Based on Other Decomposition Rules | p. 195 |
| Zero-Suppressed Binary Decision Diagrams (ZBDDs) | p. 195 |
| Ordered Functional Decision Diagrams (OFDDs) | p. 202 |
| Ordered Kronecker Functional Decision Diagrams (OKFDDs) | p. 211 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 212 |
| Integer-Valued DDs | p. 215 |
| Multivalued Decision Diagrams (MDDs) | p. 215 |
| Multiterminal BDDs (MTBDDs) | p. 216 |
| Binary Moment Diagrams (BMDs) | p. 220 |
| Hybrid Decision Diagrams (HDDs) | p. 225 |
| Edge-Valued Binary Decision Diagrams (EVBDDs) | p. 225 |
| Edge-Valued Binary Moment Diagrams (*BMDs) | p. 230 |
| Exercises | p. 235 |
| Nondeterministic DDs | p. 237 |
| Different Modes and Models of Nondeterminism | p. 237 |
| Upper Bound Techniques | p. 241 |
| Lower Bound Techniques | p. 245 |
| Partitioned OBDDs | p. 251 |
| Algorithms for EXOR-OBDDs | p. 261 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 268 |
| Randomized BDDs and Algorithms | p. 271 |
| Randomized Equivalence Tests | p. 271 |
| Randomized BDD Variants | p. 274 |
| Probability Amplification | p. 276 |
| Throw the Coins First | p. 280 |
| Upper Bound Results | p. 281 |
| Efficient Algorithms and Hardness Results | p. 287 |
| Lower Bounds for Randomized OBDDs and k-OBDDs | p. 289 |
| Lower Bounds for Randomized FBDDs and k-BPs | p. 293 |
| Exercises and Open Problems | p. 299 |
| Summary of the Theoretical Results | p. 303 |
| Algorithmic Properties | p. 303 |
| Bounds for Selected Functions | p. 305 |
| Complexity Landscapes | p. 309 |
| Applications in Verification and Model Checking | p. 313 |
| Verification of Combinational Circuits | p. 313 |
| Verification of Sequential Circuits | p. 321 |
| Symbolic Model Checking | p. 326 |
| Further CAD Applications | p. 331 |
| Two-Level Logic Minimization | p. 331 |
| Multilevel Logic Synthesis | p. 339 |
| Functional Simulation | p. 343 |
| Test Generation | p. 345 |
| Timing Analysis | p. 346 |
| Technology Mapping | p. 349 |
| Synchronizing Sequences | p. 352 |
| Boolean Unification | p. 353 |
| Applications in Optimization, Counting, and Genetic Programming | p. 357 |
| Integer Programming | p. 357 |
| Network Flow | p. 361 |
| Counting Problems | p. 366 |
| Genetic Programming | p. 370 |
| Bibliography | p. 379 |
| Index | p. 403 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780898714586
ISBN-10: 0898714583
Series: Monographs on Discrete Mathematics & Applications S.
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 418
Published: 1st July 2000
Dimensions (cm): 22.8 x 15.2
x 2.7
Weight (kg): 0.749