Praise for Before Writing: ., ."possibly the single most important contribution published in recent years concerned with the antecedents to writing." -- Libraries and Culture "Schmandt-Besserat's discovery and its ramifications . . . are crucial to understanding the development of civilization.... This is a thought-provoking book, beautifully produced, and what it tells us is of great importance." -- Times Literary Supplement "What shines here is the human mind, spinning a tight web of inference from abundant evidence." -- Scientific American
Schmandt-Besserat's discovery and its ramifications . . . are crucial to understanding the development of civilization.... This is a thought-provoking book, beautifully produced, and what it tells us is of great importance.
| Foreword | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Introduction: Tokens, a New Theory | p. 1 |
| The Myths | p. 1 |
| The Pictographic Theory | p. 4 |
| Tokens | p. 6 |
| The Evidence | |
| What Are Tokens? | p. 17 |
| Types and Subtypes | p. 17 |
| Evolution | p. 17 |
| Materials | p. 29 |
| Manufacture | p. 30 |
| The Token Collection | p. 31 |
| Plain Tokens | p. 35 |
| The Geographic Distribution | p. 35 |
| Chronology | p. 36 |
| Tokens in Iran | p. 40 |
| Tokens in Iraq | p. 44 |
| Complex Tokens | p. 49 |
| Uruk | p. 49 |
| Susa | p. 73 |
| Habuba Kabira | p. 88 |
| The Complex Tokens Phenomenon | p. 91 |
| Where Tokens Were Handled and Who Used Them | p. 93 |
| Types of Settlements | p. 93 |
| Distribution within Settlements | p. 93 |
| Structures | p. 95 |
| Token Clusters | p. 97 |
| Containers Holding Tokens | p. 97 |
| Associated Assemblagcs | p. 98 |
| Tokens as Funerary Offerings | p. 101 |
| Strings of Tokens and Envelopes | p. 108 |
| Strings of Tokens | p. 108 |
| Envelopes | p. 110 |
| Impressed Tablets | p. 129 |
| Discovery | p. 129 |
| Number | p. 130 |
| Context | p. 132 |
| Chronology | p. 133 |
| Description | p. 133 |
| The Signs | p. 134 |
| Beyond the Impressed Tablets: Pictography | p. 139 |
| The Meaning of Signs and Their Corresponding Tokens | p. 150 |
| The Place of Impressed Tablets in the Evolution of Writing | p. 153 |
| The Interpretation | |
| The Evolution of Symbols in Prehistory | p. 157 |
| Symbols and Signs | p. 157 |
| Lower and Middle Paleolithic Symbols | p. 158 |
| Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Symbols | p. 159 |
| Neolithic Symbols | p. 161 |
| A Turning Point in Communication and Data Storage | p. 163 |
| Tokens: The Socioeconomic Implications | p. 166 |
| Reckoning Technology and Society | p. 166 |
| Reckoning Technology and Economy | p. 167 |
| Reckoning Technology and Social Organization | p. 170 |
| Counting and the Emergence of Writing | p. 184 |
| Counting: The Linguistic and Anthropological Evidence | p. 184 |
| The Sumerian Philological Evidence | p. 187 |
| The Near Eastern Archaeological Data | p. 188 |
| Conclusions: Tokens, Their Role in Prehistory and Their Contribution to Archaeology | p. 195 |
| Technology | p. 196 |
| Mathematics | p. 196 |
| Cognitive Skills | p. 197 |
| Economy | p. 197 |
| Social Structure | p. 197 |
| Communication | p. 198 |
| The Artifacts | |
| Charts 1-16 | p. 203 |
| Cones | p. 203 |
| Spheres | p. 206 |
| Disks | p. 208 |
| Cylinders | p. 212 |
| Tetrahedrons | p. 214 |
| Ovoids | p. 216 |
| Quadrangles | p. 218 |
| Triangles | p. 220 |
| Biconoids | p. 222 |
| Paraboloids | p. 223 |
| Bent Coils | p. 224 |
| Ovals/Rhomboids | p. 225 |
| Vessels | p. 226 |
| Tools | p. 229 |
| Animals | p. 230 |
| Miscellaneous | p. 232 |
| Notes | p. 233 |
| Index | p. 259 |
| Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780292707832
ISBN-10: 0292707835
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 283
Published: 1st January 1992
Publisher: University of Texas Press
Dimensions (cm): 29.0 x 22.3
x 2.3
Weight (kg): 1.306